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When I was in the Peace Corps a bunch of fellow volunteers collected recipes from other volunteers in the country; this was helpful and perhaps other volunteers before you have created such a legacy.
For baking, we created a dutch oven from a big aluminum pot.
I had joined the Peace Corps just out of college and had never cooked for myself; I had a lot of cooking disasters, but learned a lot. Mostly, I learned to rely on my landlady's cooking skills.

Consider a solar oven: zero fuel costs and minimal fussing while cooking, plus very cheap to construct.

There are small models for backpacking:
http://www.mollybakersolaroven.com/home.html
http://fast-solar.com/SolarProducts.htm
Make your own full size:
http://solarcooking.org/plans/newpanel.htm
Non-profit:
http://65.108.108.197/catalog/

My two friends who were in Peace Corp actually had propane tanks that you could screw a burner on the top of--there were a few harrowing tales of biking the propane tank through the mountains from the city into their small villages, but other than that, they had no problems getting access to propane (guess it depends on where you are--the were in South America). With as much heat as a setup like that puts off, I don't think you'll have problem cooking whatever you'd like and as noted above, your limiting factor would only be the ingredients on hand. Sounds like hoecakes and polenta should be in your repertoire!
My friends also appreciated the few American condiments they brought along (herbs that wouldn't be common at your site, or peanut butter, for example--unless you're in a peanut-heavy part of Africa), and peppermint Dr. Bronner's soap also seems like it was always a much-appreciated gift.
Good luck!

I second the solar option. I made one out of a large pizza box lined with foil and cooked stuffed tomatoes in it, ratatouille, baked tiny potatoes, and - ta da - beef stroganoff (made with hamburger). It was a great experiment. I would caution you about critters getting into a cook box that is not pretty closely sealed, though. Maybe a sort of pie-safe concept with feet on the oven put in cups of water might work?

Leaf through a copy of Extending the Table before you leave. This book has a ton of adapted international recipes, very few of which depend on an oven. It has numerous no-meat or low-meat sauces, curries and stews that can be served with rice or nshima. Also, lots of recipes for desserts and breads that don't use an oven: hard to come by sometimes.

I think your best resource will be other Peace Corps workers in the area, as well as previous workers. And the people who live there, assuming that language is not an overwhelming barrier!

Would you be able to get a Cobb? They were developed for use in Africa I believe. Can do just about anything that needs an oven with one. I like mine.

http://www.cobbamerica.com/

This would be a really great way to get to know the locals or other volunteers. Who else can you go to for expertise on what is plentiful, or tasty in an area? Spend some time cooking food with a local family and you will be up to speed in no time.

I was in the Peace Corps and lived under similar circumstances and I found I could cook quite a lot on my little gas stove. I made a dutch oven out of an old clay pot for baking. They might give you a cookbook during your training and that will give you an idea of what you can make with local ingredients. Try to collect recipes for rice and beans (great with caramelized onions on top), stews, curries, oatmeal, and omletes. Try new ingredients that you can buy in your market town and see how they taste with what you already know. If you have a host family, watch the mother and daughters to see what they cook and ask questions. Find the people in your village that sell street food and talk to them about how they make it. There might also be cookbooks left in the PC hostel by previous volunteers.
I would hesitate to set up anything outdoors like a solar oven that will attract a lot of attention unless you are prepared to feed a hundred neighbors and small children!

ask the locals?!

Definitely More with Less and Extending the Table (already recommended). These are books written by Mennonites, who seem to go on many mission trips to various countries with little access to appliances, etc. They also have recipes for condiments and other "basic foods," like crackers, that people in the States usually just buy. Many of the recipes also have the traditional instructions for how the food was originally cooked (like cooking rice by wrapping the pot in a blanket after the initial heating on the fire and leaving it for several hours). Have an amazing time!

Don't forget to bring a Mortar and pestle!

Good luck! and Thanks for your effort.

As an aid worker, I would recommend eating as the locals do. I think the most important thing to bring with you is something to purify your water (i.e. tablets or a purification system) if you can't boil it in your house.

I think the biggest issue when living in developing countries is not the fact that you might run out of options for making food, but the stomach issues, although this gets better over time. Just try to avoid things that can't be cooked or peeled and you should avoid the majority of problems. Good luck and have fun!

I'd second Extending the Table and More with Less. However, you won't really know what is available until you arrive, so don't be afraid to experiment and improvise! Having lived and worked in Africa, the best advice is to spend time learning how to cook local foods from neighbors and friends. It's a great way to get to know people and build relationships.
A few tips - in the rural setting where I worked, women could lift pots of boiling water off a cookfire with their bare hands, after years of doing so. Bring your own pot holders or old towels.
In many settings, food preparation is considered the work of women. As a male and a guest you may have to do some insisting/explaining that you really do want to spend time in the kitchen learning and practicing.
Keep in mind that food preparation and cooking takes much longer in the developing world than it does here - ie, boiling beans for hours rather than opening a can.
Have fun and enjoy the experience!